Loads

 The forces that act on a structure are called loads.

For the safe design of structure, it is essential to have a knowledge of various types of loads and their worst combinations to which it may be subjected during its life span.

Types of loads

1. Dead load - Loads of constant magnitude that remains in one position.

Includes the weight of the structure as well as other parts that are permanently attached to structure.

eg; Beam & column , Wall , Slab , Stairways etc.

2. Live  or Imposed load - Loads that can change in magnitude and position.

eg; a)  Loads of people, furniture & storage itemes.

b) Loads of traffic on bridge.

c) Impact load due to vibration of moving load.

d) Longitudinal loads due to stopping train on bridge.

e) Soil pressure on wall and hydrostatic pressure on dams.

3. Environmental load - Loads caused by the environment in which structure is located.

All environmental loads are not caused by gravity.

a) Snow & Ice

b) Rain

c) Wind

d) Seismic or Earthquake loads